Roof covering



, Sept. 9, 1930. w. M. BLACK 1,775,085

" nooF cow-:RING

Filed July 8, 1929 y I v .//vl/ENTO/e I 'A Troie/Vw' Patented. sepas,1930 UNITED STATES PATENT oFFlcE WILLIAM M. BLACK,

CORPORATION, or .NEW Yoan,

OIF SAN MATEO, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO JOHNS-MAN'VILLE N. YQ, ACORPORATION OF NEW YORK ROOF COVERING Application led July 8, 1929.Serial No. 376,730.

This inventionrelates to an improved covering comprising rectangularshingles, particularly those of the rigid or semi-rigid type,preperforated for the reception of fastening 5 elements'and adapted tobe applied in a side lapped relation, and further relates to a method ofapplying the improved covering. Objects .of the invention are: toprovide a roof covering comprising shingles which 1o can be assembledand secured rapidly; also, to provide a roof covering which shall be asweather-proof as possible and be secured against dislodgement'by thewind; and, further, to provide a covering attractive in appearance andcomprising shingles which may be applied from left to right or viceversa so that the maximum decorative eifect of the contours of theindividual shingles is secured. Various other objects of the inventionwill be apparent as the description thereof proceeds.

The invention is particularly adapted to the provision of a roofcovering comprising rectangular shaped shingles applied square with theroof and in aside lapped relation. The

shingles may be formed of any suitable material having the requisitestrength and weather-resisting properties, and are preferably of therigid or semi-rigid type.

shingles formed of a composition consisting of a mixture of asbestos andPortland cement have been used according to my invention with excellentresults.

Referring to the accompanying drawings 85 illustrating the preferredembodiment of the invention: Fig. 1 illustrates in two views thepreferred l form of shingle and shows its position 'when applied to theroof deck working from left 40 to right and when applied working fromright to left.

Fig. 2 illustrates an initial stepvin the application of the roofcovering and'shows in detail the starting shingle for starting the rstcourse.

Fig. 3 illustrates a further step and shows the first full-size shinglein place.

Fig. 4 illustrates the application of the second full size, shingleinthe first row and the starting shingleused for the second course.

j Rigidl I edges that the nail Fig. 5 illustrates the application of thefirst full size shingle in the second course and the starting of thethird course.

Fig. 6 is a perspective view on a large scale of a storm anchor used inassembling and securing the shingles.

With the exception ofthe starting shingles,

all of the shingles used in applying the roof covering areinterchangeable and preferably are formed as illustrated in Fig. 1. Eachshingle 1 is preperforated for the reception of fastening elementsincluding both ordi- 4nary roofing nails and storm anchors, one of thelatter being illustrated on an enlarged scale in Fig. 6. The stormanchors serve to secure adjacent shingles to each other and also tofacilitate assembling ofy the shin les in a manner which will be fullydescri ed hereinafter.

In Fig. 1,v left side, is shown a shingle in the position it assumeswhen laid from left to right and in a side lappedl relation withadjacent shingles of the same course, that is, the left edge portion ofeach shingle is lapped over the adjacent shingle of the same course onthe left, and the right hand edge portion of each shingle underlaps theadjacent shingle of the same course on the right. Perforations 2 and 3in the butt portion of the shingle, when the shinglev is in position,serve for the reception of storm anchors to secure the shingle to lappedportion of adjacent shingles of the sameA course,

the storm anchor through perforation 2 serving to secure the lower leftcorner to an underlying shingle and the storm anchor through perforation3 serving to secure the shingle to an overlapping portion of an adjacentshingle. Perforation t is for the reception of a. roofing nail to securethe shingle to the roof deck, and is preferably so spaced from thedriven therethrough will penetrate directly into the roof deck and notthrough any shingles of the underlying. course. Perforations 2 and 3 arefor the reception of roofing nails, a nail through 2 serving to securethe upper left hand corner to the roof deck passino through aregistering hole 3, in an underlying portion of an adjacent shingle ofthe same course on the gles from right to i left,

by the symmetrical disposition of each set of perforations In this view,the shingle is j the adjacent lateral edge in eachk case is one-.-

- the storm anchor shank projecting also shown as having vuneven edgeswhich enhance its attractive appearance. The'degree to which eachshingle is sidelapped byA adjacent shingles is dependent upon thedistance (referring to Fig. l, left side) from perforation 2 to the leftlateral edge,` and from perforation 3 tothe right lateral edge. Eachshingle is preferably overlapped ,onethird of its width, in Which casethe distance between the perforations 2 and the adjacent lateral edgeand between perforation 3l and sixth of the total width. Adjacentcourses are overlapped a distance about equal to that from erforation 4to the lower edge.

Re erring to Fig. 2,'the shingle covering is preferably laid in thefollowing manner:- First, a series of short strips 5 are laid at theeaves to give the first course of shingles the same angular relation tothe roof as t-he subsequently laid. courses. If desired, these stripsand the rest of the roof deck may be covered with roofing sheets, suchas waterproof felt or other suitable material, before the shingles arelaid.' The starting shingleA may be readily produced by cutting a fullsize shingle along the line A-A, Fig. l, so that shingle A is one-thirdthe width of a `full size shingle and is provided with fourperforations'corresponding with those on the right hand size of the fullsize shingle. A storm anchor is threaded through perforation 3 so thatthe head thereof lies under the shingle and the shank projects above thesurface of the shingle, then secured in position by a nail driventhrough perforation 4. In order to prevent any accidental shifting ofthe'shingle before the next shingle to be laid is fixed in position,

la nail may be' driven through 4'; however,

this perforation is not ordinarily .used in this or subsequently laidshingles, except when the direction of laying is inbefore described.

Fig. 3 shows the first full size shingle in place on top of shingle A,The full size shingle is placed in position by threading from shingle Athrough perforation 2, and another storm anchor is threaded throughperforation 3 for the next shingle. 4The storm anchor reversed, ashereoverlapping shinas shown. ShingleA is roof. deck. A nail is thendriven through perforations 4 directly into the roof deck, and

the storm anchor projecting through perforation 2 is clinched.

The second or full size shingle of the first course is applied bythreading the perforation 2 therein over a storm anchor shank projectingfrom the complemental perforation 3 vof the first full size shingle,vand a storni anchor is threaded through perforation 3 for the nextshingle as before. Perforation 2' is then brought into registry with thecomplernental perforation 3' of theunderlying shingle by shifting itabout the projecting shank of the storm anchor, and a nail is thendriven through the set of registered perforations. The remainder of theshingles in this course are laid 1n the saine manner.

For starting the second course, a starting shingle B is used similar toshingle A, but of two-thirds the width of a full size shingle, andpreferably having an additional perforation 6 punched therein opposite3- for the reception of a roofing nail. Shingle B may be produced bycutting a full size shingle along the line B-B and then'puncliing theperforation 6 therein. Shingle B is aligned V vertically so thatperforation 4 just clears the upper edge of the first course .andhorizontally so that its right lateral edge abuts against the leftlateral edge of the second shingle in the first course. Before theshingle B is aligned, a storm anchor is threaded through perforation 3,and' the shingle is then secured in the aligned position by nails driventhrough perforations 6 and 4. The first full size shingle of the secondcourse is then se-l cured to shingle B (Fig. 5) in the same manner asthe first full size shingle is attached in the first course to shingleA, and the subsequent shingles are laid in a like manner. The thirdcourse is a repetition of the first course, except that the buttportions of the shingle overlap the head portion of the adjacent lowercourse, i. e., the second course, in the same manner as the secondcourse overlaps the first lcourse. In the third course the left lateraledge ofA each shingle is in alignment with a similar edge of eachshinglein the first course, and this same alignment occurs in all alternativecourses.

In the roof covering thus provided, it is .apparent that each shingle issecurely held at all four corners by suitable fastening elements ofwhich only one fastening element is exposed, and since the exposedfastener is a fastenin elements is practically eliminated. Althoug eachshingle is secured at all four corners, only two nails and av stormanchor y are used for each shingle. The arrangement lends itself to veryrapid laying of the shingles and consequent low labor costs because ofthe pre-perforations therein and the ease which these perforations arebrou ht into registry according to the method o applying abovedescribed. The shingle covering in its entirety presents an attractiveappearance, since the heads of all nails are covered, and each shinglemay be made to stand out to best advantage by layin the shingles fromleft to right or right to let, depending upon the position from whichthe roof is ordinarily viewed. For instance, referring to Fig. 5, theroof covering viewed from the left will show the left lateral edge indistinct outline, while when this covering is viewed from the right,these edges appear as straight lines and each course tends to assume thecontinuous surface appearance of strip or slab roofing. The arrangementfurther permits making the edges of the shingle slightly rough, sincesmooth edges are not essential to the proper alignment of the shingles,this alignment being attained by the symmetrical placing of theperforations. Rough edges add to the attractiveness of the shingles,and, further, permit of economies in manufacturing in the cuttingoperation, wherein such edges may at times be unavoidably produced.

What I claim is:

. l. A rectangular shingle adapted to be laid in horizontal rows in aside lapped relation and preperforated for the reception of .fasteningelements, the butt portion ofthe shingle being provided in one cornerwith a perforation for the reception of a storm anchor to secure thecorner to an underlying portion of a shingle of the same row, and in theother corner with a pair of perforations, one perforation being for thereception of a roong nail to secure the shingle to the roof deck and theother for the reception of a storm anchor to secure the shingle to anoverlying portion of a shingle of the same row. 2. A rectangular shingleadapted to be laid in horizontal rows in a side lapped relation andpreperforated for the reception of fastening elements, the butt portionof the shingle being provided in one corner with a perforation for thereception of a storm anchor to secure the corner to an underlyingportion of a shingle of the same row, and in the other'corner with apair of perforations, one perforation being for the reception of aroofing nail to secure the shingle to the roof deck and the other forthe reception of a storm anchor to secure the 4shingle to an overlyingportion of a--shingle of the same row, and perforations in the cornersof the head portion for the reception of fastening elements securingsaid portion,'s`aid perforation corresponding to those in the buttportion and being opposite thereto, whereby the shingle may be laid fromleft- ,to right or right to left.

3. A rectangular Vshingle adapted to be laid in horizontal rows in aside lapped rela-' tion and preperforated for the reception of fasteningelements, thebutt portion of the shingle being provided in one cornerwith a perforation for the reception of a storm anchor to secure thecorner to an underlying portion of a shingle of the same row, and in theother corner with a pair of perforations, one perforation being for thereception of a roofing nail to secure lthe shingle to the roof deck andthe other for the reception of a storm anchor to secure the shingle toan overlying portion of a shingle of the same row, and perforations inthe corners of the head portion of the shingle corresponding to those inthe butt portion and opposite thereto, whereby the shingle may be laidfrom left to right or right to left, all of said perforations except theperforation first mentioned for'the rece tion of a storm anchor in thebutt portion eing so spaced from the edges as to be covered byoverlapping portions of adjacent shingles when the shingles areattached.

4. A roof comprising rectangular shingles arranged in rows, the shinglesof each row being side lapped and the shingles of one row overlappingthose of the adjacent underlying row so as to expose a single lowercorner only of each shingle, each of said shingles being interchangeableand preperforated `at the corners for the reception of fasteninelements, the exposed corner of the shingle eing secured to theunderlying shingle by a storm anchor, said anchor having a head andclinching shank, the head lying under the underlying shingle and theshank passing up through registered perforations in the overlappedshingles and clinched thereover, the upper corners of the shingles beingsecured to the adjacent shingles of the same row and to thel roof deckby roofing nails driventhrough registered perforations in theoverlvlapped shingles, and the lower lap ed corner of the shingle beingsecured to t e roofing deck by a rooting nail driven through aperforation therein.v

' 5. A roofing comprising fiat, rigid, rectangular shingles arranged inrows,` the shingles of each row being side-lapped and the shingles ofone row overlapping those of the adjacent under-lying row so as toexpose a single lower corner only of'each shingle, each of said shinglesbeing interchangeable and pre erforated at each of the corners, said perorations being in registry with complemental perforations in theadjacent shingles in the same row, the exposed corner of the shinglebeing secured to the underlying shingle b a storm anchor, said anchorhaving a hea and clinching shank, the head lying under the under-lyingshingle and the shank passing up through a set of the registeredperforations in the overlapped shingles and clinched thereover, theupper corners of V5 the shingles being secured to the adjacent shinglesofthe same row and to the roof deck by roong nails driven through theregistered perforations in the head portions of the shingles. m Signedat city and county of San Francisco and State of California this 27thday of June A. D. 1929.

. WILLIAM M. BLACK.

